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Afro-Bahian History and Culture Reading Resource List

Resources in English

Journal Articles

  • Afro-Brazilian citizenship and the politics of history, by Sean T. Mitchell, (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17528631.2016.1189765) 
  • The role of culture in Brazil’s Unified Black Movement, Bahia in 1992, by David Covin (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002193479602700103) 
  • Afro-Bahian carnival: A stage for protest, by Christopher Dunn (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41417220) 
  • Olodum da Bahia: A history of cultural inclusion, by Ruy José Braga Duarte  (https://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/1352) 
  • Religion and black cultural identity: Roman catholics, Afro-Brazilians, and Neopentacostalism, by Vagner Gonçalves da Silva  (http://www.scielo.br/pdf/vb/v11n2/a08v11n2.pdf) 
  • Resistance and citizenship in the songs of Ilê Aiyê and Olodum, by Antonio Luciano Tosta (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41349348?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents) 

Books

  • African-Brazilian Culture and Regional Identity in Bahia, Brazil, by Scott Ickes
  • Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia, by João José Reis
  • Axé Bahia: The Power of Art in an Afro-Brazilian Metropolis, by Patrick A. Polk, Roberto Conduru, Sabrina Gledhill, Randal Johnson
  • Brazil’s New Racial Politics, edited by Bernd Reiter and Gladys L. Mitchell
  • Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art, by Matthias Röhrig Assunção
  • Brazilian Popular Music and Globalisation, by Charles A. Perrone & Christopher Dunn
  • Brazil, Mixture or Massacre?: Essays of a Genocide of a Black People, by Abdias do Nascimento
  • Afro-Politics and Civil Society in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil, by Kwame Dixon
  • The Masters and the Slaves: A study in the development of Brazilian civilization, by Gilberto Freyre

Fiction Novels

  • Cacao, by Jorge Amado
  • The War of the Saints, by Jorge Amado
  • Tent of Miracles, by Jorge Amado

Blogs

  • Batala Washington Afro-Bahian Culture Blog http://www.batalawashington.com/bahian-culture/
  • Black Women of Brazil (https://blackwomenofbrazil.co/)
  • Candomblé USA (https://candombleusa.wordpress.com/) 
  • Candomblé (http://jonhardeman.wixsite.com/teaching/candomble) 

Website articles

  • Africa in Brazil: How Ilê Aiyê Brought Blackness to Salvador’s Carnival (https://www.okayafrica.com/how-ile-aiye-changed-salvadors-carnival-forever-and-uplifted-black-people-in-brazil/) 
  • Samba and Misogynoir: Will 2018 Be the Last Year of Blackface in Brazil’s Carnival? (https://theglowup.theroot.com/samba-misogynoir-will-2018-be-the-last-year-of-black-1822964862) 
  • Afro-Brazilian History, Beats, and Culture (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/lauri-lyons/afro-brazilian-history-be_b_452877.html) 
  • They Told The Women of Bahia They Couldn’t Drum. Try Telling That to Banda Didá (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/30/travel/brazil-all-female-drums-bahia-banda-dida.html) 

Films

  • Yemanjá: Wisdom from the African Heart of Brazil (http://www.yemanjathefilm.com/) 
  • Rhythmic Uprising (http://www.rhythmicuprising.org/) 
  • Ebony Goddess: Queen of Îlé Aiyé (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQJ3z4nudtA) 
  • Salvador Dawning 
  • Festive Land: Carnaval in Bahia (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0382693/plotsummary?ref_=kw_pl) 
  • Ilê Aiyê (The House of Life) (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0002MFG3W) 
  • Black in Latin America: Brazil, A Racial Paradise? (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh7c46U5hhY) 
  • The Summer of Gods (http://www.thesummerofgods.com/) 
  • The Loudest Show On Earth (https://vimeo.com/76980265) 

Radio Podcasts 

  • Interfaith Voices – God & Government: Brazil Beyond Catholicism (featuring Batalá Washington in final segment at 34:45) (http://interfaithradio.org/Archive/2018-September/God_and_Government__Brazil_beyond_Catholicism) 

Recursos em Português

Artigos de Jornal

  • Da África ao Afro: Uso e abuso da África entre os intelectuais e na cultura popular Brasileira durante o século XX, por Livio Sansone (https://rigs.ufba.br/index.php/afroasia/article/viewFile/21038/13637) 
  • Referências sociais das religiões Afro-Brasileiras: sincretismo, branqueamento, africanizacão, por Reginaldo Prandi (http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ha/v4n8/0104-7183-ha-4-8-0151.pdf) 
  • Religiosidade, rebelião, e identidade afro-baiana (http://www.historia.uff.br/tempo/entrevistas/entres11-2.pdf) 

Livros

  • Genocídio do negro brasileiro: Processo de um Racismo Mascarado, por Abdias do Nascimento
  • A Trama dos Tambores: a musica afro-pop de Salvador, por Goli Guerreiro
  • Casa Grande & Senzala, por Gilberto Freyre

Romances de Ficção

  • Cacau, por Jorge Amado
  • O Sumiço da Santa, por Jorge Amado
  • Tenda dos Milagres, por Jorge Amado

Blogues

  • Mundo Afro (http://mundoafro.atarde.uol.com.br/) 
  • Portal da Cultura Afro-Brasileira (https://www.faecpr.edu.br/site/portal_afro_brasileira/3_III.php) 
  • Geledes Instituto da Mulher Negra (https://www.geledes.org.br/) 

Artigos do site

  • Dia da Consciência Negra: História de Contribuição (https://jornalibia.com.br/montenegro/dia-da-consciencia-negra-historia-de-contribuicao/) 
  • Raízes do Carnaval: A gema carioca é afro-baiana (http://www.pordentrodaafrica.com/cultura/a-gema-carioca-e-afro-baiana) 
  • 5 blocos afro que mostram a forca da cultura negra do carnaval (https://www.huffpostbrasil.com/2017/02/24/5-blocos-afro-que-mostram-a-forca-da-cultura-negra-no-carnaval_a_21721328/) 
  • 10 mulheres negras que fazem a diferença na Bahia (https://www.geledes.org.br/10-mulheres-negras-que-fazem-a-diferenca-na-bahia/) 
  • A RESISTÊNCIA E A BELEZA DOS BLOCOS AFRO (2012)
  • (http://www.elcabong.com.br/musica-afro-a-resistencia-e-a-beleza/) 
  • O feminismo negro: entrevista com Djamila Ribeiro (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k1mh7N8Caw) 

Filmes

  • Samba-Reggae: A Arma é Musical Parte 1 (https://youtu.be/3olgEc74LfM) 
  • Samba-Reggae: A Arma é Musical Parte 2 (https://youtu.be/C11zDd4VJWQ) 
  • Samba-Reggae: A Arma é Musical Parte 3 (https://youtu.be/kIntkHiEkTk) 
  • Ebony Goddess: Queen of Îlé Aiyé (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQJ3z4nudtA) 
  • Iemanjá : Sabedoria ecológica do coração do Brasil (http://www.yemanjathefilm.com/)
  • O Tempo dos Orixás (http://www.thesummerofgods.com/filme/) 
  • Ilê Aiyê (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0002MFG3W) 
  • Insurreição Rítmica (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1331101/?ref_=kw_li_tt)

Music / Música

  • Oriki: Chants et Rhythmes du Candomblé [Songs and Rhythms of Candomblé] (CD) – https://www.amazon.com/Oriki-Chants-danses-du-Candomble/dp/B0041BBYOA / https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_mteOnMwPjP5Ehv5wWLQf0vPN1ypwIFAL8 
  • Batala Mundo Discography (https://www.mundobatala.com/en/discography) 

Afro-Bloco / Bloco-Afro Videos

  • Cortejo Afro (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0O9n5UF4eA | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awy6IqLoouw)
  • Olodum (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HbP42bDwJE)
  • Ilê Ayê (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6yayr0WHA4 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4auE-7YzhE)
  • Malê Debalê (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTgV6yZkLyw&t=115s)
  • Muzenza (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXrlx8LSfkQ&list=PL8C3633DA45EB0E4A&index=6)
  • Didá (https://youtu.be/09NqOo84MkA) 

Names to Know of Afro-Bahian Samba-Reggae Movement / 

Nomes para Saber do Movimento Samba-Reggae Afro-Baiano 

 

  • Giba Gonçalves [Batalá Mundo] (https://www.mundobatala.com/en/batala-en/giba-goncalves) 
  • Neguinho da Samba (http://www.carnaval.com/drum/neguinho/) 
  • Carlinhos Brown (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlinhos_Brown) 
  • Alberto Pitta (http://www.cortejoafro.com.br/alberto-pitta/) 
  • Ilê Ayê (http://www.ileaiyeoficial.com/) 
  • Olodum (http://www.narin.com/olodum/) 
  • Timbalada (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbalada) 
  • Ara Ketu (https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ara-ketu-mn0000595035 | https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Ketu) 
  • Muzenza (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRC_Muzenza) 
  • Malê Debalê (http://www.maledebale.com.br/o-bloco/) 
  • Cortejo Afro (http://www.cortejoafro.com.br/) 
  • Filhos de Gandhy (http://filhosdegandhy.com.br/) 
  • Margareth Menezes (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margareth_Menezes | https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margareth_Menezes) 
  • Daniela Mercury (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela_Mercury) 
  • Didá Banda Feminina (http://www.dida-salvador.com/english.html | http://www.dida-salvador.com) 
  • Gerônimo Santana (https://geronimocantor.com/) 
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Afro-Brazilian Cuisine: A Search for the Roots of Soul Food

In a recent blog post, Afroculinarian Michael Twitty describes how the book, The Masters and the Slaves (titled Casa-Grande & Senzala in Portuguese), by Gilberto Freyre, introduced him to the historical beginnings and sociological influences that produced a significant part of the food culture in Brazil through traditional Afro-Brazilian cuisine. Twitty also credits the book as what inspired him in his own search for the “roots of soul food” from his own ancestral past.

How a Brazilian Scholar Inspired My Search for the Roots of Soul Food

 

 

(The photo above is a Bahian dish called Vatapa. Photo from Afroculinaria)

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Dia da Consciência Negra (Black Consciousness Day)

November 20 is known as Dia da Consciência Negra (Day of Black Consciousness or Black Awareness Day) in Brazil. On this day, Brazilians recognize the efforts towards equality of the Movimento Negro (Black Movement) and celebrate black resistance and liberation by honoring Zumbi dos Palmares, a national hero.

Zumbi dos Palmares was a warrior and leader of anti-slavery resistance. Zumbi was born in 1655 in one of the quilombo settlements of Palmares in Pernambuco, Brazil. He was captured as a boy by soldiers and given to Father Antonio Melo who baptized him with the name ‘Francisco”. At the age of fifteen, Zumbi escaped and returned to the Palmares where he became one of the community’s most famous leaders and their last.

Also called Angola Janga (Angola Small) by those that lived there, Palmares was established as a shelter not only blacks, but also of poor whites, Indians and mestizos extorted by the colonizer. Palmares was like the Promised Land, and Zumbi, was regarded as eternal and immortal, and was recognized as a loyal and brave protector.

Zumbi was an extraordinary and talented military leader along with his wife, Dandara, who was also a fighter and defender of anti-slavery liberation in her own right, and leader of the female arm of the Palmares army, while helping to take care of sick children, the elderly, those injured by slavemasters. In 1694, a Portuguese army of 9,000 men began an undertaking that would lead to defeat Macaco, the main town of Palmares. Zumbi was found killed on November 20, 1695.

For years, Palmares was defended by Zumbi and Dandara against the military expeditions which intended to bring runaway slaves back into slavery. The Day of Black Consciousness is celebrated on November 20 in Brazil and is dedicated to reflection on the inclusion of blacks in Brazilian society. The date was chosen to coincide with the day of the death of Zumbi dos Palmares, in 1695.

Paintings depicting Zumbi and wife Dandara of Palmares

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Founding of Ilê Aiyê

Ilê Aiyê, the first afro-bloco of Brazil, was started in Curuzu, Liberdade, which with about 600,000 inhabitants is one of the most populous black neighborhoods in the country. The group was founded on November 1, 1974 to preserve, enhance, and expand exposure of the African-Brazilian culture in Brazil and has pursued this goal in different ways.

Throughout its history, Ilê Aiyê has been honoring African countries and Afro-Brazilian uprisings which has contributed strongly to the process of ethnic identity and the cultural self-esteem of black people. With its 3,000 members, Ilê Aiyê today is the heritage of Bahian culture, a milestone in the process of re-Africanization of the Bahia Carnival.

The musical rhythmic movement, invented in the 70s by Ilê Aiyê, was responsible for the revolution of the Bahian carnival which continues to develop and represent new rhythms derived from African traditions.

To promote political and educational consciousness, Ilê Aiyê does so through thematic selection of dance, gestures, language codes that transmits the African ancestry of the past with the historical and social context of blacks enslaved in Brazil, and then with the everyday Afro-Bahian of today, in addition to working in the pan-African universality of the Afro-descendant.

Ilê Aiyê also expresses the evolution of black/African renaissance and African American movements (adapted to the Bahian reality) focusing on the relationship and identification between black people from anywhere in the world, always emphasizing their common ancestral origin.

Source: http://www.ileaiyeoficial.com/

The video below brings together 40 years of carnival images of Queens of Ilê who represent the celebration of black beauty.

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Batalá Washington celebrates Black History Month Batalá Washington celebrates Black History Month and joins in paying tribute to the generations of African Americans who struggled with adversity to achieve full citizenship in American society. We honor the roots of the music we play as well as our Black artists and musicians. Did you know that Samba-reggae arose in the context of the Black Pride Movement that occurred in the city of Salvador de Bahia, around the year 1969, and it still carries connotations of ethnic identity and pride for Afro-Brazilians today? #blackhistorymonth #blacklivesmatter #batalahey #sambareggaemusic #musicofresistance
Every year on February Second, some million or mor Every year on February Second, some million or more people in the Brazilian city of Salvador, Bahia, walk in procession through the streets of the Rio Vermelho district of that city, all dressed in white, making their way down to the seashore and the small house that's said to be the home of Yemanjá, a powerful goddess (Orixá) in the Afro-Brazilian religion Candomblé. Yemanjá is the essence of motherhood, the protector of children, fishermen and sailors, and most importantly, she is the sea itself. When the celebrants reach the shore Yemanjá's they pass their baskets laden with gifts for the goddess to fishermen to take out to sea and leave them on the waters as offerings to the Orixá. Gifts for Yemanjá often include images of the goddess, flowers and objects of female vanity (perfume, jewelry, combs, lipsticks, mirrors). Later in the day, the festival of Yemanjá becomes a massive street party which carries on into the night.

In the synchristic tradition that blends the Orixás who traveled to Brazil with African slaves with the saints and holy figures of Christianity who arrived with the Portuguese,  Yemanjá is identified with certain aspects of the Virgin Mary, and February Second in the Roman Catholic calendar is the day of Our Lady of Navigators (Nossa Senhora dos Navegantes). The celebrants at Salvador's festival honor one divinity in two personages, the African Yemanjá and the Christian Our Lady, without thoughts of separation or difference between the two.

Gifts for Yemanjá
As with all the gods and goddess of the Candomblé tradition, Yemanjá is associated with certain foods, and these foods are offered to her on her special day as well as eaten by her devotees at the street festival that follows the ceremonical activities of the day. Yemanjá's colors, like the Virgin Mary's, are white and blue - obvious choices for a Rainha do Mar (Queen of the Sea). An Orixá's favorite foods are often visually connected with his or her image and chosen colors, Yemanjá's special food are white, or very light in color (there are very few foods that are truly blue). Yemanjá prefers sweet foods, making such dishes as honeyed rice and sweet corn puddings.
We couldn’t help but to join in the Bernie fun! We couldn’t help but to join in the Bernie fun! Thanks to our drummer gal @jcon2313 for the photo edit! 😅🙌🏽🎉 #batalahey #berniesanders #berniesmittens
Wishing you all, our friends and family, a wonderf Wishing you all, our friends and family, a wonderful holiday season and a happy new year! We hope we get to perform for you in person in 2021! #batalahey #oneloveonedrum 🎉💪🏽🎶🥁
Memories of last year (2019) when we added music a Memories of last year (2019) when we added music and percussion background sounds to the “Un Violador En Tu Camino” manifestation supporting all the survivors of sexual assault, violence and harrassment. #elvioladorerestú #lastesis #saynotoviolenceagainstwomen
We SOO miss playing at this great yearly event! ❤️😩 But all the love to our friends at @krampusnachtdc for the awesome video 👌🏽🎉❤️ #batalahey #oneloveonedrum❤️🥁
Happy “I can’t, I have practice” day to all Happy “I can’t, I have practice” day to all our fellow musicians of the world! #internationalmusiciansday #batalahey #oneloveonedrum❤️🥁
#Repost @batala_atenas Our music has its roots in #Repost @batala_atenas
Our music has its roots in Salvador in Bahia, and is filled with a big dose of brazilian samba...last year some of us were lucky enough to visit our home of inspiration and play with @batala_brasilia, alongside our Batala friends from across the world. It was such an amazing experience...truly unforgettable! #OneLoveOneDrum ❤️🥁

#Athens #Greece #expression_greece #batala #batalamundo #batalaatenas #sambareggae #samba #brazilianmusic #brazil #brazilian #brazilianmusic #takemebacktobrazil #brazil🇧🇷
Felíz Dia de los Muertos DC! #diadelosmuertos #ba Felíz Dia de los Muertos DC! #diadelosmuertos #batalahey #batalamundo #washingtondclife #washingtondcmusicians #tamboreras #womendrummers
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